Common name: Caucasian Toad
Scientific name: Bufo verrucosissimus
Family: Bufonidae

Size:
Body length: 9–15 cm
Weight: —

Identification:
A large, robust toad with heavily warty skin and earthy coloration ranging from brown to olive or grey. The body is broad and slightly flattened, with prominent parotoid glands behind the eyes. The eyes are golden with horizontal pupils. Its rough texture and coloration provide excellent camouflage in forest floors and moist environments.

Habitat:
Moist habitats including forests, riverbanks, streams, wetlands, and shaded mountainous areas. Often associated with freshwater sources.

Status in Lebanon:
Native but localized. Found in suitable humid and mountainous habitats, though not commonly observed.

Diet:
Carnivorous — feeds on insects, worms, spiders, and other small invertebrates.

Behavior:
Mostly nocturnal, becoming active at night or after rainfall. Slow-moving but opportunistic feeder. Spends the day hidden under rocks, logs, or vegetation. Breeds in freshwater bodies where eggs are laid in long gelatinous strings.

Conservation status:
Near Threatened (IUCN Red List)